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Minneapolis Public Schools enroll over 35,000 students in public primary and secondary schools. The district administers about 100 public schools, including 45 elementary schools, seven middle schools, seven high schools, eight special education schools, eight alternative schools, nineteen contract alternative schools, and five charter schools. With authority granted by the state legislature, the school board makes policy, selects the superintendent, and oversees the district's budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities. In 2017, the graduation rate was 66 percent.[276] Students speak over 100 languages at home and most school communications are printed in English, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[277][278] Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.[279] Besides public schools, the city has more than 20 private schools and academies, and about 20 additional charter schools.[280] Colleges and universities See also: Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System striking geometric metallic building in front of more traditional ones University of Minnesota teaching art museum, teaching hospital, and student union (left to right) Minneapolis's collegiate scene is dominated by the main campus of the University of Minnesota, where more than 50,000 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attend 20 colleges, schools, and institutes.[281] The university offers free tuition to students from Minnesota families earning less than $50,000 per year.[282] The graduate school programs with exceptional, top-five national rankings in 2020 were health care management, nursing, midwifery, pharmacy, and clinical psychology.[283] The university has unusual constitutional autonomy that has existed in three US states since 1851, when the provision was included in Minnesota's constitution.[284] Augsburg University, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, and N







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This script was better received by Fox executives and Gordon, but Cameron also wanted to direct the project.[24][29][32] Cameron was a relatively new director, his only directing credit being Piranha II: The Spawning (1982), a low-budget, independent horror film, and the studio was reluctant to grant his request. His credibility was elevated following the surprise financial and critical success of The Terminator in late 1984, and Gordon gave him the job.[25][29][32] Cameron's associates tried to persuade him to reject the offer, believing anything good about the film would be attributed to Alien director Ridley Scott and anything negative to Cameron.[33] Scott said he was never offered the chance to direct the sequel, possibly because he was difficult to work with on the original.[34] The title Aliens reportedly came from Cameron writing "Alien" on a whiteboard during a pitch meeting and adding a "$" suffix.[35][36] Cameron also wanted his collaborative partner and girlfriend, Gale Anne Hurd, to serve as the producer, but Fox did not take the request seriously, believing she could not stand up to Cameron, who believed she was the only person who would.[31][32] Hurd had several industry associates contact Fox executives to convince them she was a legitimate producer.[32] Cameron turned in the finished script in February 1985, hours before a Hollywood writer's strike.[25] Cameron recalled the audience reactions while seeing Alien in the theater and believed it would be difficult to recreate the emotion and novelty of the original. He and Hurd agreed to combine the horror of Alien with the action of The Terminator. According to Hill, Cameron said if the first film could be compared to a haunted attraction, Al






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he city was founded in 1854[8] by the German Land Company of Chicago. The city was named after the city of Neu-Ulm in the state of Bavaria in southern Germany.[9] Ulm and Neu-Ulm are twin cities, with Ulm being situated on the Baden-Württemberg side of the Danube River and Neu-Ulm on the Bavarian side. In part due to the American city's German heritage, it became a center for brewing in the Upper Midwest. It is home to the August Schell Brewing Company. The Sioux called it Wakzupata which roughly means the "village on the cottonwood".[10] In 1856, the Settlement Association of the Socialist Turner Society ("Turners") helped to secure the future of New Ulm. The Turners (German for "gymnasts") originated in Germany in the first half of the nineteenth century, whose motto was "Sound Mind, Sound Body". Their clubs combined gymnastics with lectures and debates about the issues of the day. Following the failed Revolutions of 1848, numerous Germans emigrated to the United States. In their new land, Turners formed associations (Vereins) throughout the eastern, midwestern, and western states. This was the largest secular German-American organization in the country in the nineteenth century. Following a series of attacks by nativist mobs in major cities such as Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville, a national convention of Turners authorized the formation of a colony on the frontier. Intending to develop a community that expressed Turner ideals, the Settlement Association joined the Chicago Germans who had struggled here due to a lack of capital. The Turners supplied that, as well as hundreds of colonists from the east who arrived in 1856.[11] The city plan represented Turner ideals. The German Land Company hired Christian Prignitz to complete the plan for New Ulm, which was filed in April 1858. This master plan for New Ulm expressed a grand vision of the city's future. At the heart of the community stood blocks reserved for Turner Hall, the county courthouse, and a public school, representing the political, social, and educational center of the community. The westernmost avenues were named after American heroe






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During the five-year history of the Islamic Emirate, the Taliban regime interpreted the Sharia in accordance with the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence and the religious edicts of Mullah Omar.[16] The Taliban forbade pork and alcohol, many types of consumer technology such as music,[16] television,[16] and film,[16] as well as most forms of art such as paintings or photography,[16] male and female participation in sport,[16] including football and chess;[16] recreational activities such as kite-flying and keeping pigeons or other pets were also forbidden, and the birds were killed according to the Taliban's ruling.[16] Movie theaters were closed and repurposed as mosques.[16] Celebration of the Western and Iranian New Year was forbidden.[16] Taking photographs and displaying pictures or portraits was forbidden, as it was considered by the Taliban as a form of idolatry.[16] Women were banned from working,[16] girls were forbidden to attend schools or universities,[16] were requested to observe purdah and to be accompanied outside their households by male relatives; those who violated these restrictions were punished.[16] Men were forbidden to shave their beards and required to let them grow and keep them long according to the Taliban's liking, and to wear turbans outside their households.[16][17] Communists were systematically executed. Prayer was made compulsory and those who did not respect the religious obligation after the azaan were arrested.[16] Gambling was banned,[16] and thieves were punished by amputating their hands or feet.[16] In 2000, the Taliban leader Mullah Omar officially banned opium cultivation and drug trafficking in Afghanistan;[16][18][19] the Taliban succeeded in nearly eradicating the majority of the opium production (99%) by 2001.[18][19][20] Under the Taliban governance of Afghanistan, both drug users and dealers were severely prosecuted.[16] Cabinet ministers and deputies were mullahs with a "madrasah education." Several of them, such as the Minister of Health and Governor of the State bank, were primarily military commanders who were ready to leave their administrative posts to fight when needed. Military reverses that trapped them behind lines or led to their deaths increased the chaos in the national administration.[21] At the national level, "all senior Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara bureaucrats" were replaced "with Pashtuns, whether qualified or not." Consequently, the ministries "by and large ceased to function."[22] Rashid described the Taliban government as "a secret society run by Kandaha





















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The city's parks are governed and operated by the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, an independent park district with broader powers than any other parks agency in the US.[236] Foresight, donations, and effort by community leaders enabled Horace Cleveland to create his finest landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and parkways.[237] The city's Chain of Lakes, consisting of seven lakes and Minnehaha Creek, is connected by bicycle paths, and running and walking paths, and are used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars, a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians run parallel along the 52-mile (84 km) route of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.[238] Theodore Wirth is credited with developing the parks system.[239] Approximately 15 percent of land in Minneapolis is parks, in accordance with the 2020 national median, and 98 percent of residents live within one-half mile (0.8 km) of a park.[240] Five seniors skating wearing navy uniforms and white hats, another game is visible behind them Over-50 bracket in the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships Parks are interlinked in many places, and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. The country's oldest public wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary, is located within Theodore Wirth Park, which is shared with Golden Valley and is about 90 percent of the area of Central Park, New York City.[241] Minnehaha Park contains the 53-foot (16 m) waterfall Minnehaha Falls, and is one of the city's oldest and most popular parks.[242] The regional park received over 2,050,000 visitors in 2017.[243] In the bestselling and often-parodied 19th-century epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall.[244] The five-mile (8 km), hiking-only Winchell Trail runs along the Mississippi River, and offers views of and access to the Mississippi Gorge and a rustic hiking experience.[245] Minneapolis's climate provides opportunities for winter activities such as ice fishing, snowshoeing, ice skating, cross-country skiing, and sledding at many parks and lakes between December and March.[246] When there is sufficient snowfall or in t







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As of 2020, the Minneapolis–St. Paul area is the second-largest economic center in the American Midwest behind Chicago.[127] Early the city's history, millers were required to pay for wheat with cash during the growing season, and then to store the wheat until it was needed for flour. This required large amounts of capital, which stimulated the local banking industry and made Minneapolis a major financial center.[128] As of mid-2022, Minneapolis area employment is primarily in trade, transportation, utilities, education, health services, professional and business services. Smaller numbers are employed in manufacturing, leisure and hospitality; mining, logging, and construction.[129] The Twin Cities metropolitan area has the seventh-highest concentration of major corporate headquarters in the US as of 2021,[130] and in 2020, four Fortune 500 corporations were headquartered within the city limits of Minneapolis.[131] American companies with US offices in Minneapolis include Accenture, Bellisio Foods,[132] Canadian Pacific, Coloplast,[133] RBC[134] and Voya Financial.[135] The National Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology & Education has Minneapolis headquarters. As of 2020, the Minneapolis metropolitan area contributes $273 billion or 74% to the gross state product of Minnesota.[136] Measured by gross metropolitan product per resident ($62,054), as of 2015, Minneapolis is the fifteenth richest city in the US.[137] In 2011, the area's $199.6 billion gross metropolitan product and its per capita personal income ranked 13th in the US.[138] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange, which w













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In 1886, when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers, Minneapolis made changes to rectify discrimination against unmarried women.[36] Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor Doc Ames made his brother police chief, ran the city into corruption, and tried to leave town in 1902.[37] Lincoln Steffens published Ames's story in "The Shame of Minneapolis" in 1903.[38] Minneapolis has a long history of structural racism[39] and has large racial disparities in housing, income, health care, and education.[40][41] Some historians and commentators have said White Minneapolitans used discrimination based on race against the city's non-White residents. As White settlers displaced the indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,[42] and Kirsten Delegard of Mapping Prejudice explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.[41] In 1910, Minneapolis "was not a particularly segregated place".[41] Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the east coast and the economy declined.[43] During the early 20th century, bigotry presented in several ways. In 1910, a Minneapolis developer wrote restrictive covenants based on race and ethnicity into his deeds. Other developers copied the practice, preventing Asian and African Americans from owning or leasing certain properties. Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968, restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as recently as 2021, when the city gave residents a means to remove them.[44][45] The Ku Klux Klan entered family life but was only effectively a force in the city from 1921 until 1923.[46] The gangster Kid Cann engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.[47] After Minnesota passed a eugenics law in 1925, the proprietors of Eitel Hospital sterilized about 1,000 people at Faribault State Hospital.[48] From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, antisemitism was commonplace in Minneapolis—Carey McWilliams called the city the anti-Semitic capital of the United States.[49] A hate group called the Silver Legion of America held meetings in the city from 1936 to 1938.[50] In 1948, Mount Sinai Hospital opened as the city's first hospital to employ members of minority races and religions.[51][50] group of men holding pipes confronting police on street seen from above Battle between striking teamsters and police, Minneapolis general strike of 1934 During the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 led to laws acknowledging workers' rights.[52] Mayor Hubert Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment practices and
















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In 1886, when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers, Minneapolis made changes to rectify discrimination against unmarried women.[36] Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor Doc Ames made his brother police chief, ran the city into corruption, and tried to leave town in 1902.[37] Lincoln Steffens published Ames's story in "The Shame of Minneapolis" in 1903.[38] Minneapolis has a long history of structural racism[39] and has large racial disparities in housing, income, health care, and education.[40][41] Some historians and commentators have said White Minneapolitans used discrimination based on race against the city's non-White residents. As White settlers displaced the indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,[42] and Kirsten Delegard of Mapping Prejudice explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.[41] In 1910, Minneapolis "was not a particularly segregated place".[41] Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the east coast and the economy declined.[43] During the early 20th century, bigotry presented in several ways. In 1910, a Minneapolis developer wrote restrictive covenants based on race and ethnicity into his deeds. Other developers copied the practice, preventing Asian and African Americans from owning or leasing certain properties. Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968, restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as recently as 2021, when the city gave residents a means to remove them.[44][45] The Ku Klux Klan entered family life but was only effectively a force in the city from 1921 until 1923.[46] The gangster Kid Cann engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.[47] After Minnesota passed a eugenics law in 1925, the proprietors of Eitel Hospital sterilized about 1,000 people at Faribault State Hospital.[48] From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, antisemitism was commonplace in Minneapolis—Carey McWilliams called the city the anti-Semitic capital of the United States.[49] A hate group called the Silver Legion of America held meetings in the city from 1936 to 1938.[50] In 1948, Mount Sinai Hospital opened as the city's first hospital to employ members of minority races and religions.[51][50] group of men holding pipes confronting police on street seen from above Battle between striking teamsters and police, Minneapolis general strike of 1934 During the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 led to laws acknowledging workers' rights.[52] Mayor Hubert Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment practices and

















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In 1886, when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers, Minneapolis made changes to rectify discrimination against unmarried women.[36] Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor Doc Ames made his brother police chief, ran the city into corruption, and tried to leave town in 1902.[37] Lincoln Steffens published Ames's story in "The Shame of Minneapolis" in 1903.[38] Minneapolis has a long history of structural racism[39] and has large racial disparities in housing, income, health care, and education.[40][41] Some historians and commentators have said White Minneapolitans used discrimination based on race against the city's non-White residents. As White settlers displaced the indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,[42] and Kirsten Delegard of Mapping Prejudice explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.[41] In 1910, Minneapolis "was not a particularly segregated place".[41] Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the east coast and the economy declined.[43] During the early 20th century, bigotry presented in several ways. In 1910, a Minneapolis developer wrote restrictive covenants based on race and ethnicity into his deeds. Other developers copied the practice, preventing Asian and African Americans from owning or leasing certain properties. Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968, restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as recently as 2021, when the city gave residents a means to remove them.[44][45] The Ku Klux Klan entered family life but was only effectively a force in the city from 1921 until 1923.[46] The gangster Kid Cann engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.[47] After Minnesota passed a eugenics law in 1925, the proprietors of Eitel Hospital sterilized about 1,000 people at Faribault State Hospital.[48] From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, antisemitism was commonplace in Minneapolis—Carey McWilliams called the city the anti-Semitic capital of the United States.[49] A hate group called the Silver Legion of America held meetings in the city from 1936 to 1938.[50] In 1948, Mount Sinai Hospital opened as the city's first hospital to employ members of minority races and religions.[51][50] group of men holding pipes confronting police on street seen from above Battle between striking teamsters and police, Minneapolis general strike of 1934 During the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 led to laws acknowledging workers' rights.[52] Mayor Hubert Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment practices and

















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The agency's history can be traced to the state's Railroad and Warehouse Commission which emerged slowly from 1871 to 1905, and the State Highway Commission created in 1905. The Highway Commission was abolished in 1917 and replaced by a Department of Highways. The Minnesota Highway Department has been credited with numerous works listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. For air transport, the Minnesota Aeronautics Commission was created in 1933. Much of the railroad oversight was transferred to the Minnesota Department of Public Service in 1967. Two years later, the Minnesota Department of Public Safety was established and took over the Highway Patrol and Driver's License Bureau. MnDOT finally came into being in 1976 and took over the functions of the aeronautics and highway departments, plus transportation-related duties of the Minnesota State Planning Agency and Department of Public Service. Services and projects MnDOT operates networks of ramp meters and traffic cameras in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in order to manage traffic flow. The department has also put up informational electronic signage along highways to provide alert messages. Message boards have been in Rochester, Duluth and the Twin Cities for some time. Part of the reason for the Rochester signs is occasional flooding of U.S. Highway 52. The department expanded use of the signs after Amber Alert legislation allocated funding for larger networks. In the Twin Cities, MnDOT began using them to display freeway travel times in 2003 or 2004 to help drivers plan alternate routes to avoid heavy traffic if necessary (although a generic m













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The original population of this territory were dispersed Khoisan groups. These were absorbed or pushed southwards, where residual groups still exist, by a massive influx of Bantu people who came from the north and east. The Bantu influx began around 500 BC, and some continued their migrations inside the territory well into the 20th century. They established a number of major political units, of which the most important was the Kongo Empire whose centre was located in the northwest of what today is Angola, and which stretched northwards into the west of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the south and west of the contemporary Republic of Congo and even the southernmost part of Gabon. Also of historical importance were the Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms to the south of the Kongo Empire, in the Ambundu area. Additionally, the Lunda Empire, in the south-east of the present day DRC, occupied a portion of what today is north-eastern Angola. In the south of the territory, and the north of present-day Namibia, lay the Kwanyama kingdom, along with minor realms on the central highlands. All these political units were a reflection of ethnic cleavages that slowly developed among the Bantu populations, and were instrumental in consolidating these cleavages and fostering the emergence of new and distinct social identities. Portuguese colonialism At the end of the 15th century, Portuguese settlers